Buddhist Collections (佛學藏書)

Buddhist Collections

I. Book Series

A

• Abhidhamma for the Beginner – Egerton C. Baptist
• Abhidhamma Philosophy – J. Kashyap
• Abhidhamma Studies: Buddhist Explorations of Consciousness and Time – Nyanaponika Thera.
• Abhidhamma Studies: Researches in Buddhist Psychology – Nyanaponika Thera.
• Abhidhammic Interpretations of Early Buddhist Teachings – G. P. Sumanapala.
• Abhidhammadipa: With Vibhashaprabhavritti (Introduction) – Padmanabh S. Jaini.
• Abhidharmavatara by an Unidentified Author – Hajima Sakurabe. The Nava-Nalanda-Mahavihara Research Publication Vol. II. pp.359～369.
• A Brief History of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America – J. W. De Jong.
• A Buddhist Bibliography – Arthur C. March.
• A Catalogue of Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka – B. Nanjio
• Access Guide to Printed and e-Journals 2004 – University of Peradeniya.
• A Comparative Analytical Catalogue of the Kanjur Division of the Tibetan Tripitaka – The Otani Daigaku Kyoto Japan. (西藏甘殊爾勘同目錄)
• A Comparative History of Ideas – Hajime Nakamura.
• A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma – Bhikkhu Bodhi.
• A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism – John Powers.
• A Dictionary of Religion and Religions – Richard Ince.
• A Dictionary of the Pali Language – R. C. Childers.
• A Handbook of Pali Literature – Oskar Von Hinuber.
• A History Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities – David J. Kalupahana.
• A History of Pali Literature – B. C. Law.
• A History to Indian Buddhism from Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana – H. Akira.
• A Manual of Abhidhamma (Abhidhammattha-sangaha) - Ven. Narada.
• A Manual of Buddhism – Mrs. Rhys Davids.
• A Manual of Buddhist Historical Traditions – B. C. Law.
• An Introduction Buddhism – Peter Harvey.
• Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute: Index to Volumes I-XXI (1919～1940) – G. N. Shrigondekar.
• An Introduction to Buddhism – J. Takasaki.
• An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology – P. D. Silva.
• An Introduction to Mahayana Buddhism – William M. McGoven.
• An Introduction to Pali Literature – S. C. Banerji.
• An Introduction to Theravada Abhidhamma – G. P. Sumanapala.
• A Pali-English Technical Glossary – Bhikkhu Nanamoli.
• A Sourcebook of Early Buddhist Philosophy – D.J. Kalupahana.
• A Treatise on Buddhist Philosophy or Abhidharma – Lily De Silva.

B

• Basic Buddhist Concepts – Kogen Mizuno.
• Bibliography on Buddhism – Shinsho Hanayama.
• Bibliography of Tibetan Studies: Being a Record of Printed Publications Mainly in European Languages – Sibadas Chaudhuri.
• Bibliographical Sources for Buddhist Studies: Addenda I～III – Yasuhiro Sueki.
• Britannica Ready Reference Encyclopedia – 10 Vols.
• Buddha Abhidhamma – Dr. Mehm Tin Mon.
• Buddha: His Life, His Doctrine His Order – H. Oldenberg.
• Buddhism a Modern Perspective – Charles S. Prebish.
• Buddhism a Study of the Buddhist Norm – Mrs. Rhys Davids.
• Buddhism after Patriarchy – Rita M. Gross.
• Buddhism and Bioethics – Damien Keown.
• Buddhism and Nature – Lambert Schmithausen.
• Buddhism Culture and Sri Lanka Pilgrim’s Guide – Ven. K. Wimalajoti.
• Buddhism in India as Described by the Chinese Pilgrims A.D. 399～689 – K. L. Hazra.
• Buddhist Analysis of Matter – Y. Karunadasa.
• Buddhist Art in India, Ceylon and Java – J. Ph. Vogel.
• Buddhist Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary – Akira Hirakawa.
• Buddhist Dictionary – Nyanatiloka Thera.
• Buddhist Essays – O. H. De A. Wijesekera.
• Buddhist Ethics – Ven. Hammalawa Saddhatissa.
• Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. 2 vols – F. Edgerton.
• Buddhist Images of Human Perfection – Nathan Katz.
• Buddhist Literature Yesterday and Today – G. R. Sain.
• Buddhist Logic 2 vols – Th. Stcherbatsky.
• Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics – Mrs. Rhys Davids.
• Buddhist Philosophy: A History Analysis – David J. Kalupahana.
• Buddhist Philosophy in India and Ceylon – A. B. Keith.
• Buddhist Sect in India – N. Dutt.
• Buddhist Social Philosophy and Ethics – Prof. Sumanapala Galmangoda.
• Buddhist Spirituality: Indian Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese. Vol. I – Takeuchi Yoshinori.
• Buddhist Spirituality: Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World. Vol. II – Takeuchi Yoshinori.
• Buddhist Studies: Essays in Honour of Professor Lily de Silva – Dept. of Pali and Buddhist Studies University of Peradeniya.
• Buddhist Sutras: Origin, Development, Transmission – Kogen Mizuno.
• Buddhist Texts through the Ages – E. Conze.
• Buddhist Thought in India – E. Conze.

C

• Catalogue of Pali, Sinhalese and Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Colombo Museum Library (1901).
• Catalogue of Pali Sinhalese and Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Temple Libraries of Ceylon – Louis D. Zoysa (1885).
• Century Volume of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1823～1923) – Frederick Eden Pargiter.
• Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies – Padmanabh S. Jaini.
• Compendium of Philosophy – Shwe Zan Aung.
• Concept and Reality in Early Buddhist Thought – Bhikkhu Nanananda.
• Concise Pali-English Dictionary – A. P. Buddhadatta.
• Contemporary Buddhist Ethics – Damien Keown.

D

• Dhamma-Vinaya: Essays in Honour of Venerable Professor Dhammavihari (Jotiya Dhirasekera) – Asanga Tilakaratne, et al. eds.
• Dharma: Man Religion Society Governance in Buddhism – Prof. Dhammavihari.
• Dialogues of the Buddha (Digha Nikaya) – T. W. Rhys Davids, et el.
• Dictionary of Pali-Proper Names – G. P. Malalasekera.
• Discourse on Elements: Dhatukatha – U. Narada.
• Disputed Dharmas Early Buddhist Theories on Existence – Collett Cox.

E

• Early Buddhism – T. W. Rhys Davids.
• Early Buddhism: It’s Religious and Intellectual Milieu – Chandima Wijebandara.
• Early Buddhist Scriptures – E. J. Thomas.
• Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge – K. N. Jayatilleke.
• Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon – E. W. Adikaram.
• Early History of the Spread of Buddhism and Buddhist School – N. Dutt.
• Early Madhyamika in India and China – Richard H. Robison.
• Encyclopedia of Buddhism vol. I～VIII – G. P. Malalasekera.
• Encyclopedia of Buddhism - Robert E. Buswell. 2 Vols.
• Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D. Vol. VII – Karl. H. Potter.
• Essays on Time in Buddhism – H. S. Prasad.

F

• Further Buddhist Studies – E. Conze.
• Fundamental of Buddhist Ethics – Gunapala Dharmasiri.

G

• Guide through the Abhidhamma-Pitaka – Nyanatiloka Thera.
  

H

• Handbook of Chinese Buddhism Being Sanskrit-Chinese Dictionary – Ernest J. Eitel.
• Handbook of Pali Literature – S. Jayawardhana.
• Historical Dictionary of Buddhism – Charles S. Prebish.
• Historical Study of the Terms Hinayana and Mahayana and the Origin of Mahayana Buddhism – Ryukan Kimura.
• History of Buddhism in Ceylon: The Anuradhapura Period 3rd Century BC - 10th Century A. C. – W. Rahula.
• History of Indian Buddhism – E. Lamotte.
• History of India Literature vol. II – M. Winternitz.
• History of the Buddhist Sangha in India and Sri Lanka – Gunaratne Panabokke.
• History of Theravada Buddhism in South-East Asia – K. L. Harza.

I

• Index of Harvard Journal Asiatic Studies Vols.1～20 (1936～1957) – John L. Bishop.
• Index to Indian Antiquary (1872～1921) – Lavinia Mary Anstey.
• Index to the Journal of the American Oriental Society Vols. I～XX – George F. Moore.
• Index to the Mahayana Sutralamkara – G. M. Nagao.
• Index to the Publications of the Asiatic Society (1788～1953) Vol.I – Sibadas Chaudhuri.
• Index to the Royal Asiatic Society’s Journal (1889～1903) – Royal Asiatic Society.
• Indian Buddhism – A. K. Warder.
• Indian Buddhism – Hajime Nakamura.
• Indian Buddhism: Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion – T. W. Rhys Davids.
• Introduction to Indian Textual Criticism – S. M. Katre.

J

• Journal of Buddhist Studies Volume 1 (2003) and 4 (2006) – Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka.
• Journal of the Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies. Vol I, 1999 – University of Kelaniya.

K

• Kalyani: Journal of Humanities & Social Science of the University of Kelaniya. Volumes II, III, and IV.
• Karma and Rebirth - Foundation of the Buddha’s Moral Philosophy – David J. Kalupahana.
• King Asoka and Buddhism – Anuradha Seneviratna.

L

• Linguistic Approach to Buddhist Thought – Genjun H. Sasaki.
• Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism – J. K. Nariman.

M

• Madhyamika and Yogacara – Gadjin M. Nagao.
• Mahayana Buddhism – N. Dutt.
• Mahayana Texts Translated into Western Languages – Peter Pfandt.
• Mahavyutpatti (翻譯名義大集-梵藏漢和四譯對校) – R. Sasaki.
• Manual of Indian Buddhism – H. Kern.
• Mindfulness in Plain English – Ven. H. Gunaratana Mahathera.

N

• Nagajuna – A Translation of His Mulamadhyamakakarika with an Introductory Essay – Kenneth K. Inada.
• Nagajuna’s Moral Philosophy and Sinhala Buddhism – David J. Kalupahana.
• Nagajuna’s Philosophy: As Presented in the Maha-Prajnaparamita Sastra – K. Venkata Ramanan.
• Nama-rupa and Dharma-Rupa: Origin and Aspects of An Ancient Indian Conception – Maryla Falk.
• Narada Felicitation Volume.
• Nirvana and Ineffability – Asanga Tilakaratne.

O

• Origin and Doctrines of Early Indian Buddhist Schools (異部宗輪論) – Jiryo Masuda.

P

• Pali English Dictionary – T. W. Rhys Davids and William Stede.
• Pali Language and Literature. 2 vols. – K. L. Hazra.
• Pali Literature - A History to Indian Literature. Vol. VII – K. R. Norman.
• Pali Literature and Language – W. Geiger.
• Pali Literature of South East Asia – Ven. H. Saddhatissa.
• Pali Primer – Lily De Silva.
• Philosophy and Its Development in the Nikayas and Abhidhamma – F. Watanabe.
• Philosophy and Psychology in the Abhidharma – Herbert V. Guenther.

R

• Reality and Expression: A Study on the Conception of Pannatti in the Theravada Abhidhamma – G. P. Sumanapala.
• Researches in Indian & Buddhist Philosophy Essays in Honour of Prof. Alex Wayman – Ed. By Ram Karan Sharma.

S

• Sambhasha: Mahabodhi Centenary Commemorative Volume – A. Adikari.
• Sanskrit English Dictionary – Monier Williams.
• Sarvastivada Literature – A. C. Banerjee.
• Saying of Buddha the Iti-Vuttaka – Justin Hartley Moore.
• Seven Works of Vasubandhu (世親) – Stefan Anacker.
• Sinhalayo – S. Paranavitana.
• Sri Lanka Journal of Buddhist Studies. Vol. I～V – Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka.
• Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems – E. Frauwallner.
• Studies in Buddhism – F. Max Muller, Monier Williams, Reginald Stephen, Robert C. C hilders.
• Studies in Indian Thought: Collected Papers of Prof. T. R. V. Murti – Harold G. Coward.
• Studies in Pali & Buddhism: A Homage Volume to the Memory of Bhikkhu Jagdish Kashyap – Editor by A. K. Narain.
• Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India – L. M. Joshi.
• Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra《楞伽經》- D. T. Suzuki.
• Studies in the Origins of Buddhism – G. C. Pande.
• System of Buddhistic Thought – Yamakami Sogen.
• Studies in Buddhist Philosophy and Religion – Collected papers of Prof. P. D. Premasiri.
• Studies in the Philosophy and Literature of Pali Abhidhammika Buddhism – Aloysius Pieris,s.j.
• Studies of the Pali Commentaries – Sodo Mori.
• Suttanipata: Text and Translation – N. A. Jayawickrama.

T

• The Birth of Indian Psychology and Its Development in Buddhism – Mrs. Rhys Davids.
• The Bodhisattva Doctrine Buddhist Sanskrit Literature – H. Dayal.
• The Book of Analysis: Vibhanga – A. Thittila.
• The Book of the Gradual Saying (Anguttara Nikaya) – E. M. Hare.
• The Book of the Kindred Saying (Samyutta Nikaya) – T. W. Rhys Davids, etc.
• The Buddha’s Ancient Path – Piyadassi Thera.
• The Buddhist Nirvana and Its Western Interpreters – Guy Richard Welbon.
• The Buddhist Path to Awakening – R. M. L. Gethin.
• The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux – S. Mookerjee.
• The Buddhist Tripitaka as it is Known in China and Japan (1876) – S. Beal.
• The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word "Dhamma" – Th. Stcherbatsky.
• The Central Philosophy of Buddhism: A Study of the Madhyamika System – T. R. V. Murti.
• The Collection of the Middle Length Saying (Majjhima-Nikaya) – I. B. Horner.
• The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Agamas & Pali Nikayas – Chizen Akanuma.
• The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana – Th. Stcherbatsky.
• The Date of Buddha’s Death and Ceylon Chronology – John M. Senaveratne.
• The Dawn of a Civilization Mihintale – Prof. Anuradha Seneviratna.
• The Dhammapada – Ven. Narada.
• The Dipavamsa – H. Oldenberg.
• The Early Buddhist Theory of Man Perfected – I. B. Horner.
• The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy – J. Takakusu.
• The Ethics of Buddhism – S. Tachibana.
• The Expositor (Atthasalini) 2 Vols. – Pe Maung Tin.
• The History of Buddhist Thought – E. J. Thomas.
• The Life of the Buddha – Bhikkhu Nanamoli.
• The Mahavamsa – W. Geiger.
• The Mahayana Buddhist Sculpture of Ceylon – Diran Kavork Dohanian.
• The Message of the Buddha – K. N. Jayatilleke.
• The New Pali Course 3 vols. – A. P. Buddhadatta.
• The Origin and Developed Doctrines of Indian Buddhism – Ryukan Kimura.
• The Pali Literature of Ceylon – G. P. Malalasekera.
• The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga) – Bhikkhu Nanamoli.
• The Path of the Buddha – Kenneth W. Morgan.
• The Psychological Attitude of Early Buddhist philosophy and its Systematic Representation According to Abhidhamma Tradition – A. Govinda.
• The Psychology and Philosophy of Buddhism: An Introduction to the Abhidhamma – W. F. Jayasuriya.
• The Role of Morality in Economics – Prof. Buddhadasa Hewavitharana.
• The State and Religion: In Ceylon since 1815 – Prof. Tennakoon Vimalananda.
• The Story of the Stupa – Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon. Vol. V - A. H. Lonhurst.
• The Stupa in Ceylon – S. Paranavitana.
• The Tibetan Tripitaka Catalogue Vol. I～IV – D. T. Suzuki.
• The Udana & the Itivuttaka – John D. Ireland.
• The Way to Nirvana – L. De La Vallee Poussin.
• The Western Contribution to Buddhism – W. Peiris.
• The Word of the Buddha – Nyanatiloka Mahathera.
• The Word of the Doctrine (Dhammapada) – K. R. Norman.
• The Yogacara Idealism – A. K. Chatterjee.
• Two Thousand Years of Buddhism – Prof. P. V. Bapat.

W

• What Buddhists Believe – K Sri Dhammananda.
• What the Buddha Taught – Ven. W. Rahula.
• World Religions – Warren Matthews.

中文書目

• 說一切有部為主的論書與論師之研究 – 印順導師。正聞出版社。
• 梵藏漢和四譯對校《翻譯名義大集》(Mahavyutpatti) 木+神亮三郎等著(上下集)。世界佛學名著譯叢12及13，華宇出版社。
• 梵藏漢和四譯對校《翻譯名義大集》(Mahavyutpatti) 梵藏索引。木+神亮三郎等著，世界佛學名著譯叢14，華宇出版社。
• 德格版《西藏大藏經總目錄》宇井伯壽等著(上下集)。世界佛學名著譯叢29及30，華宇出版社。
• 《歐美佛學研究小史》J. W. De Jong著，霍韜晦譯。世界佛學名著譯叢71，華宇出版社。
• 《佛教哲學—一個歷史的分析》D. J. Kalupahana著，陳銚鴻譯。世界佛學名著譯叢71，華宇出版社。
• 《西洋佛教學者傳》William Peiris著，梅西文譯。世界佛學名著譯叢84，華宇出版社。
• 《親近釋迦牟尼佛》- 從巴利藏經看佛陀的一生。Bhikkhu Nanamoli 著，釋見諦、牟志京譯，橡樹皮出版社。
• 《成語詞典》聯營出版有限公司。
  

II. Article Series

A

• Abbreviation – The Chicago Manual of Style.
• Abhidhamma - Edward J. Thomas. Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol.1. p.44.
• Abhidhamma - T.O. Ling. A Dictionary of Comparative Religion. p.19.
• A Bibliography of Ceylon - H. A. I. Goonetileke. Vol. II. XVIII religions. pp.555～618.
• A Bibliography of Ceylon - H. A. I. Goonetileke. Vol. III. XVIII religions. pp.300～355.
• A Bibliography of Ceylon - H. A. I. Goonetileke. Vol. V. XVIII religions. pp.615～722.
• A Buddhist Bibliography - Albert J. Edmunds. Journal of Pali Text Society. 1902～1903 pp.1～60.
• A Concise Summary of the Abhidhamma Pitaka - Nyanatiloka Thera. Buddhist Annual in Ceylon. 1932. pp.137～149.
• A Hindu View of Nirvana - Hemendranath Sinha. The Buddhist Review. Vol. V. 1913. pp.133～141.
• Amaravati: The Art and History of the Stupa and the Temple. Archaeological Series N0. 41. 1975. pp.28～42.
• A New Buddhist Psychology: Moving Beyond Theravada and Mahayana – Maurits Kwee & Marja Taams. Horizons in Buddhist Psychology Practice, Research & Theory. 2006. pp.435～478.
• A Simple Introduction to Abhidhamma - Ven. Narada. The Mahabodhi Centenary Commemorative Volume. pp.97～105.
• Abhidhamma Abhivinaya - Hormer, I. B. Indian Historical Quarterly. 1941.Vol.12. pp.291～310.
• Abhidhamma Literature in Burma - by Shwe Zan Aung. Journal Pali Text Society. (1910～12) pp.112～132.
• Abhidhamma pitaka - N. Dutt. Indo-Asian Culture vol.2 (1953～1954) pp.256～258.
• Abhidhamma Texts in Tibetan - A. C. Banerjee. Indian Historical Quarterly, vol.28 (1952) pp.373～378.
• Abhidharma as Paradigm for Practice - Christopher Key Chapple. Pali Buddhism. Ed. Frank J. Hoffman. pp.79～101.
• About Buddhist Nuns - Kalipada Mitra. Indian Antiquary. Vol. LI. 1922. pp.225～227.
• A Buddhist Bibliography - A. J. Edmunds. Journal Pali Text Society. (1902～3) pp.1～60.
• An Atlas of Abhidhamma Diagrams - Nanajivaka. Buddhist Studies Review 1. 1983-84. pp.110～114.
• An Image of Woman in Old Buddhist Literature the Daughters of Mara - Nancy Falk. Women and Religion. Ed. Judith Plaskou and Joan Arnold. pp.105～112.
• An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology and Psychotherapy - Sumana Ratnayaka. Symposium on Buddhist Studies. pp.82～111.
• An Introduction to the Evolution of the Schools of Buddhism - N. Dutt. Journal of the Department of Letters. Vol. VIII. 1920. pp.247～265.
• A Pali Chrestomathy - J. Takakusu. Journal of Pali Text Society. (1905) pp.160～162.
• A Summary of the Seven Books of the Abhidhamma - Donald K. Swearer. Buddhism in Practice. pp. 336～342.
• Archaeology Survey of Ceylon – S. Paranavitana. Annual Report on the Archaeology Survey of Ceylon for 1934. pp. J3～J23.
• Aspects of Buddhist Social Philosophy - K. N. Jayatilleke. Wheel Publication. Nos.128/129. 1969. pp.1～24.
• Attitudes toward Women and the Feminine in Early Buddhism - Alan Sponberg. Buddhism, Sexuality, and Gender. Ed by Jose Ignacio Cabezon. pp.3～36.

B

• Bibliography of Asian Studies 1958 - Howard P. Linton. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. XVIII. 1959. pp.551～686.
• Bibliography of Asian Studies 1959 - Howard P. Linton. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. XIX. 1960. pp.506～670.
• Bibliography of Asian Studies 1960 - Howard P. Linton. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. XX. 1961. pp.583～761.
• Bibliography of Asian Studies 1961 - Howard P. Linton. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. XXI. 1962. pp.551～686.
• Bibliography of Asian Studies 1962 - Howard P. Linton. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. XXII. 1963. pp.1～219.
• Bibliography of Asian Studies 1963 – Richard C. Howard. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. XXIII. 1964. pp.1～305.
• Buddha-Kaya as an Idea: The Historical Study of its Origin and Growth – R. Kimura. Sir Ashutosh Mookerjee Silver Volume. V. III, pt. 3. pp.523～546.
• Buddha Nirvana and Some Other Dates in Ancient Indian Chronology - H. C. Seth. Indian Culture. Vol. V. 1939. pp.305～317.
• Buddhism: The Mahayana - E. Conze. The Concise Encyclopedia of Living Faiths. pp.296～320.
• Buddhism: The Theravada - I. B. Horner. The Concise Encyclopedia of Living Faiths. pp.267～295.
• Buddhism and Human Genetic Research. - Somparn Promta. http://them.polylog.org/6/fps-en.htm.
• Buddhism and Suicide: The Case of Channa - Damien Keown. Download from Internet.
• Buddhism and the Modern World - G. Dharmasiri. Narada Felicitation Volume. 1979. pp.89～103.
• Buddhism and Woman - Dudley Wright. The Buddhist Review. Vol. III. 1911. pp.243～250.
• Buddhism as a Philosophy of “Thusness” - J. Takakusu. Philosophy - East and West. Charles A. Moore. pp.69～108.
• Buddhism in India - Roger R. Jackson. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. 1997. pp.318～348.
• Buddhism in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia - Padmasiri de Silva and Trevor Ling. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. 1997. pp.394～413.
• Buddhism in Tibetan - Donald S. Lopez. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. 1997. pp.371～393.
• Buddhism in a Value - Changing Society – P. D. Premasiri. Bodhi Leaves. No. 148.
• Buddhism of the One Great Vehicle (Mahayana) - S. Hanayama. Essays in East-West Philosophy - Charles A. Moore. 1951. pp.196～210.
• Buddhist Abhidhamma - Taylor, C. A. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1894. pp.560～561.
• Buddhist and Social Problems - Alexandra David. Tr. by F. J. Payne. The Buddhist Review. Vol. II. 1910. pp.194～201.
• Buddhist and the Contemporary World: The Problem of Social Action in an Urban Environment - Lewis R. Lancaster. Buddhist Ethics and Modern Society: An International Symposium. 1991. pp.347～353.
• Buddhist Books and Texts: Canon and Canonization – Abhidharma – Rupert Gethin. Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 15. 2005. pp.10020～10023.
• Buddhist Bronzes. The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka Masterpieces of Buddhist and Hindu Bronzes.
• Buddhist in Recent British Philosophy and Theology - Steven Collins. Buddhist Philosophy and Culture - Essay in Honour of N. A. Jayawickrema. pp.113～131.
• Buddhist Literature: Exegesis and Hermeneutics - Luis O. Gomez. Encyclopaedia of Religion. Vol.2. pp.529～540.
• Buddhist Literature: Survey of Texts - A. Hirakawa. Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 2. pp.504～529.
• Buddhist Mental Therapy - Francis Story. The MahaBodhi. 1978. pp.219～228.
• Buddhist Philosophy - Anagarika Dharmapala. The MahaBodhi. Vol. VXXXII. 1924. pp.101～104.
• Buddhist Theory of Matter - Karunadasa, Y. The MahaBodhi. Vol.33. 1969.pp.137～149.
• Buddhist Psychology: Theory and Therapy – Padmal de Silva. Western & Buddhist Psychology – Clinical Perspectives. 1996. pp.125～147.
• Buddhist psychology: Theravada theory and practice - Padmal de Silva. Horizons in Buddhist Psychology. 2006. pp.53～73.
• Building During the Role of the Early Muryan Dynasty. Indian Architecture. 1959.

C

• Catalogue of Palm Leaf Manuscripts in the Library of the Colombo Museum - W. A. De Silva. Memoirs of the Colombo Museum. Vol. I. 1938. pp.113～119.
• Chronology of the Pali Canon - B. C. Law. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. Vol. XII. 1931. pp.171～200.
• Classification of Buddhist Morality - S. Tachibana. The Ethics of Buddhism. pp.41～71.
• Cloning: Where Do the Major Religions Stand? - Ana Lita. http://www.humaniststudies.org.
• Concerns and Emphases of Abhidhamma Education in Sri Lanka - Mahinda Palihawadana. Abhinandana - Papers on Indology Buddhism and Fine Arts a Felicitation Volume Presented to Jayadeva Tilakasiri. pp.90～100.
• Consciousness and Matter - Dharmasena, C. B. The Wheel Publication. 1971. No.63/64. pp.1～32.
• Contemporary Buddhist Philosophy - Frank J. Hoffman. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. 1997. pp.468～488.

D

• Dhammapada – Arthur Stanley Bishop. Ceylon Buddhism: Being the Collected Writings of Daniel John Gogerly.
• Dharma and Abhidharma - Johannes Bronkhorst. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African. Vol. 48. pp.305～320.
  Disease and Therapy from the Buddhist Perspective – Prof. P. D. Premasiri. Buddhist Studies in Honour of Venerable Lirindigalle Dhammaratana. 2007. pp.177～189.
• Disputed Dharmas Early Buddhist Theories an Existence – Collett Cox. The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, Tokyo. 1995.
• Doctrine, Discipline, and Dispute: A History Analysis of Early Buddhist Schools - G.A. Somaratne.
• Doctrines of the Sarvastivada School - A. C. Banerjee. The Maha Bodhi. Vol. 55. pp.22～23.
• Doctrines of the Sarvastivada School of Buddhism - N. Dutt. Indian Historical Quarterly. 1938. pp. 114, 799.
• Dramatic Intervention: Human Rights from a Buddhist Perspective - Peter D. Hershock. Philosophy East & West Vol.50, Number 1. 2000. pp.9～33.

E

• Early Buddhist Concept of Ethical Knowledge: A Philosophy Analysis - P. D. Premasiri. Buddhist Philosophy and Culture - Essay in Honour of N. A. Jayawickrema. pp.37～70.
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• From Category to Ontology: the Evolution of Dharma in Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma - Collett, Cox. Journal of Indian Philosophy. 2004. Vol. 32, pp.543-597.

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• Gotama Buddha's Problem Situation - R. Gombrich. Theravada Buddhism. pp.32～59.
• Guardstones and Moonstones.

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• Happiness and Suffering in Buddhist Psychology – Han de Wit. Western & Buddhist Psychology – Clinical Perspectives. 1996. pp.149～174.
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• Human Rights and Religious Anthropologies in a Changing World - Padmasiri de Silva. Buddhism, Ethics and Society. pp.137～148.

I

• I am Just One Scientist? - Matt Donnelly. Science & Theology News.
• Introduction to the History of Early Buddhist Schools – R. Kimura. Sir Ashutosh Mookerjee Silver Volume. V. III, pt. 3. pp.87～128.
• Is There Really "Esoteric" Buddhism? - Richard D. Mcbride. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. Vol.27. Number 2. 2004. pp.329～356.
• Introduction - Diana Y. Paul. Women in Buddhism - Images of the Feminine in the Mahayana Tradition. pp. x～xxviii.
• Introduction Gandhara. pp.13～45.

K

• Knowledge and Reality in Buddhism - Hajime Nakamura. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. 1997. pp.435～451.

L

• Literature - Abhidhamma-pitaka - A.A. Macdonell. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol.8. p.87.
• Logic and Language in Buddhism - S. R. Bhatt. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. 1997. pp.414～434.

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• Magical beliefs and Superstitions in Buddhism - Mathuralal Sharma. The Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society. Vol. XVII. 1931. pp.149～161.
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• Reason and Intuition in Buddhist Philosophy - D. T. Suzuki. Essays in East-West Philosophy - Charles A. Moore. 1951. pp.17～48.
  
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• Studies in Buddhist Dogma (Trikaya) - Louis De La Vallee Poussin. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1906. pp.943～977.
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• The Concept of the State as Reflected in the Pali Canon - K. Ariyasena. Buddhist Philosophy and Culture - Essay in Honour of N. A. Jayawickrema. pp.101～111.
• The Concept of Vinnana in Theravada Buddhism - O. H. De A. Wijesekera. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol.84. 1964. pp.254～259.
• The Consecration of a Buddhist Image (佛像的開光) - Richard Gombrich. Journal of Asian Studies. 1966-67. Vol.26. pp.23～36.
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• Types of Consciousness in the Abhidhamma - Kashyap. J. Bhikkhu. The MahaBodhi. 1941. Vol.49. pp.235～240.

W

• What is Nibbana - Jagarabhiwamsa, U. Bhikkhu. The MahaBodhi. 1977. Vol.41. pp.20～24.
• Who Found Buddha’s Birthplace? - L. A. Waddell. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.1898. pp.199～203.
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中文期刊

• 佛教之生命倫理觀 –以「複製人」與「胚胎幹細胞」為例–釋惠敏。中華佛學學報，第十五期 2002年7月。頁457～470。
• 略論佛教知識體系與主題詞(中之二) - 郭忠生。

Commemoration Volume on Buddhist Studies

A collection of the Felicitation and Commemoration Volume - Buddhist Studies

1. Adikari, A. 1991. Sambhasha: Mahabodhi Centenary Commemorative Volume. Ministry of Education and Higher Education

2. Ahir, D. C. (ed.) 2004. Buddhist Art, History and Culture: Essays by Prof L. M. Joshi. Eastern Book Corporation.

3. Anderson, Carol; Mrozik, Susanne and Rajapakse, R. M. W. (eds.) 2007. Embedded Religions: Essays in Honor of Prof. W. S. Karunatillake. Colombo: S. Godage and Brothers.

4. Balasooriya, Somaratna, et al. (eds.) 1980. Buddhist Studies in Honour of Walpola Rahula. London: Gordon Fraser.

5. Barker Eileen, Beckford James A. and Dobbelaere Karel, (eds.) 1993. Secularization, Rationalism and Sectarianism: Essays in Honour of Bryan R. Wilson. Oxford; Clarendon Press.

6. Bhandarkar, D. R. et al. (eds.) 1945. B. C. Law Volume. 2 volumes. Calcutta.

7. Bruhn, Klaus and Albrecht Wezler. (eds.) 1981. Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus: Gedenkschrift fur Ludwig Alsdorf. Wiesbaden.

8. Chappell, David W. (ed.) 2003. Socially Engaged Spirituality: Essays in Honor of Sulak Sivaraksa on His 70th Birthday. Bangkok: Sathirakoses-Nagapradipa Foundation, 2003. Reprinted in New York: Routledge, 2004.

9. Chowdhury, Hemendu Bikash (ed.) 1989. Dr. Beni Madhab Barua Birth Centenary Volume (1888-1948). Calcutta: Bauddha Dharmankur Sabha.

10. Committee for the Felicitation of Dr. Hojun Nagasaki's Seventieth Birthday (eds.) 2005. Buddhism and Jainism. Essays is Honour of Dr. Hojun Nagasaki on his Seventieth Birthday. Kyoto: Heirakuji Shoten.

11. Cousins, L.; Kunst, A.; Norman, K. R. (eds.) 1974. Buddhist Studies in Honour of I. B. Horner. Holland: D. Reidel Publ. Co.

12. Coward, Harold; Sivaraman, Krishna (eds.) 1977. Revelation in Indian Thought: A Festschrift in Honour of Prof. T.R.V. Murti. Emeryville: Dharma Publications.

13. Crusz, Robert; Fernand, Marshal and Tilakaratne, Asanga. (eds.) 2004. Encounters with the Word: Essays to Honour Aloysius Pieris S. J. on His 70th Birthday. Colombo: Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue.

14. Dhammapala, Gatare, Gombrich, Richard and Norman, K. R. 1984. Buddhist Studies in Honour of Hammalava Saddhatissa. Sri Lanka: Hammalava Saddhatissa Felicitation Volume Committee, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.

15. Dokic, Sinisa. (ed.) 1997. Sudesika: Festschrift Bhikkhu Nanajivako (Cedomil Veljacic). Zagreb: Izdanja Antibarbarus.

16. Festschrift Charles Rockwell Lanman. (ed.) 1929. Indian Studies in honor of Charles Rockwell Lanman. Harward University Press.

17. Frauwallner, Erich. (ed.) 1968. Beiträge Zur Geistesgeschichte Indiens: Festischrift Für Erich Frauwallner. Wien: Aus Anlass Seines.

18. Fremont, Olle Qvarnström. (ed.) 2003. Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. California: Asian Humanities Press.

19. Gopal, Lallanji. (eds.) 1977. D. D. Kosambi Commemoration Volume. Banaras Hindu University.

20. Goudriaan, Teun. (ed.) 1992. Ritual and Speculation in Early Tantrism Studies in Honor of André Padoux. Edited by Albany, N.Y.

21. Griffiths, Paul J. and Keenan, John P. (eds.) 1990. Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota. Tokyo: Buddhist Books International.

22. Hartmann, J.-U. and P. Kieffer-Pülz (eds.) 1997. Bauddhavidyasudhakara: Studies in Honour of Heinz Bechert on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Swisttal-Odendorf.

23. Haynes, Deborah J.; James D. Smith III, and Janet F. Carlson, (eds.) 2006. The Subjective Eye: Essay in Culture, Religion, and Gender in Honor of Margaret R. Miles. Princeton Theological Monograph Series 59 (Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications.

24. Herausgegeben Von Otto Stein and Wilhelm Gampert (eds.) 1933. Festschrift Moriz Winternitz. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.

25. Hercus, L. A. and et al., (eds.) 1982. Indological and Buddhist Studies: Volume in Honour of Professor J. W. de Jong on His Sixtieth Birthday. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies.

26. Hirakawa Akira Hakase Koki Kinenkai (ed.) 1985. Indian Thought and Buddhism: Essays in honor of Dr. Hirakawa Akira. Tokyo.

27. Hino, S. and Wada, T. (eds.) 2004. Three Mountains and Seven Rivers: Prof. Musashi Tachikawa’s Felicitation Volume. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

28. Holt, John C. and Kinnard, Jacob N. Constituting Communities: Essays on Theravada Traditions in Honor of Frank E. Reynolds. (Forthcoming).

29. Jash, Pranabananda (ed.) 2002. Perspectives of Buddhist Studies: Giuseppe Tucci Birth Centenary Volume. Eastern Book Corporation.

30. Jha, V. N. (ed.) 1991. Kalyanamitta: Prof. Hajime Nakamura Felicitation Volume. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.

31. Kalupahana, David J. and Weerarante, W. G. (eds.) 1987. Buddhist Philosophy and Culture: Essays in Honor of N. A. Jayawickrame. Colombo.

32. Karunadasa, Y. (ed.) 1990. Ananda: Papers on Buddhism and Indology: A Felicitation Volume to Ananda W. P. Guruge on his 60th Birthday. Colombo: The Felicitation Volume Editorial.

33. Karunaratne, K. P. (ed.) 1967. Olcott Commemoration Volume. Ceylon: Olcott Commemoration Society.

34. Kawamura, Leslie. (ed.) 1977. Buddhist Thought and Asian Civilization: Essays in Honour of H. V. Guenther. California: Dharma Publishing.

35. Keown, Damien. (ed.) 2005. Buddhist Studies from India to America: Essays in Honor of Charles S. Prebish. Taylor & Francis Ltd.

36. King, Sallie B. and Ingram, Paul O. (eds.) 1999. The Sound of Liberating Truth: Buddhist-Christian, in Honor of Frederick J. Streng. UK: Curzon Press.

37. Labuhengoda, Candaratana Ven. (ed.) 1967. Sarada: Wilhelm Geiger Commemoration Volume. Colombo.

38. Lancaster, Lewis and Luis O. Gomez, (eds.) 1977. Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze. Berkeley: Buddhist Studies Series.

39. Li Zheng; Jiang Zhong-sin. (eds.) 1991. Papers in Honour of Prof. Dr. Ji Xianlin on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Beijing: Peking University Press.

40. Ligeti, Louis. (ed.) 2000. Tibetan and Buddhist Studies: Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the birth of Alexander Csoma De Koros. 2 vols. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.

41. Liow, Benny. (ed.) 1999. K. Sri Dhammanada Felicitation: Essays in Honour of His 80th Birthday. Kuala Lumpur: Buddhist Gem Fellowship.

42. Mani, B. R. and Saran, S. C. 2006. Purabharati: Studies in Early Historical Archaeology and Buddhism: Commemoration Volume in Respect of Prof. B. P. Sinha. Delhi : Sharada Publ. House.

43. Masefield, Pater and Wiebe, Donald. (eds.) 1994. Aspects of Religion: Essays in Honour of Ninian Smart. New York: Peter Lang.

44. Mayeda, Egaku (ed.) 1993. Studies in Original Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism in Commemoration of late Professor Dr. Fumimaro Watanabe. Kyoto: Nagata Bunshodo.

45. Nagatomi, M. et al. (eds.). 1979. Sanskrit and Indian Studies: Essays in honor of D.H.H. Ingalls. Dordrecht.

46. Nakamura, H. Hirakawa, A. and Tamaki, K. (eds.) Commemoration Volume for Kogen Mizuno on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. Tokyo.

47. Nakano, Gisho (ed.) 1965. Studies of Esoteric Buddhism and Tantrism: Festschrift in Commemoration of the 150th Anniversary of the Founding of Koyasan. Japan: Koyasan.

48. Narain, A. K. (ed.) 1979. Studies in Pali and Buddhism: A Memorial Volume in Honor of Bhikkhu Jagdish Kashyap. Delhi.

49. Narendra, N. L. (ed.) 1938. Winternitz Memorial Number: Dedicated to the Revered Memory of Prof. Dr. M. Winternitz. Calcutta.

50. Navendra, N. Law, (ed.) 1940. Louis De La Vallee Poussin Memorial Volume. Calcutta: Calcutta Oriental Press.

51. Newland, Guy. (ed.) 2001. Changing Minds: Contribution to the Study of Buddhism and Tibet in Honor of Jeffrey Hopkins. NY: Snow Lion Publications.

52. Palihawadana, M. et al (eds.) 1991. Abhinandana: Papers on Indology Buddhism and Fine Arts: A Felicitation Volume Presented to Jayadeva Tilasiri. Colombo: The Felicitation Volume Editorial Committee.

53. Piyadassi Thera. (ed.) 1979. A Felicitation Volume Presented to The Ven. Narada Mahathera. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.

54. Pollamure Sorata Thera, Lakshman Perera, and Karl Goonesena 1992. (eds.) Buddhist Essays: A Memorial Volume in Honour of Venerable Hammalawa Saddhatissa. London: Sri Saddhatissa International Buddhist Centre.

55. Premasiri, P. D. (ed.) 2002. Buddhist Studies Essays in Honour of Prof. Lily de Silva. Peradeniya: Department of Pali and Buddhist, University of Peradeniya.

56. Prematilleke, Leelananda, Indrapala, Karthigesu and Leeuw. J. E. van Lohuizen-de. (eds.) 1978. Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

57. Publication Committee. (ed.) 2002. Buddhist and Indian Studies in Honour of Professor Sodo Mori. Hamamatsu: Kokusai Bukkyoto Kyokai.

58. Puligandla, R. and Miller, D. L. (eds.) 1996. Buddhism and the Emerging World Civilization: Essays in Honor of Nolan Pliny Jacobson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

59. Ratnayaka, Sumana. (ed.) 2007. Buddhist Studies in Honour of Venerable Kirindigalle Dhammaratana. Sri Lanka: Sridevi Printers.

60. Samtani, N. H. (ed.) 1987. Śramana-Vidyā: Studies in Buddhism: Prof. Jagannath Upadhyaya Commemoration Volume. Varanasi: Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies.

61. Samtani, N. H. (ed.) 1989. Amalaprajna: Aspects of Buddhist Studies: Prof. P. V. Bapat Felicitation Volume. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.

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略談社會和佛教價值觀

何謂價值觀? 簡言之，價值觀是指人們對人生的基本態度和看法，包括對人生目的，以及人生意義的基本觀感和態度。人生的意義、價值、目的、理想、信念、追求等問題，由於人們所處的社會地位、生活環境和文化素養而有所不同，因而形成了不同的人生觀。 在當今社會，追逐物質利益成為多數人唯一的生活目標。

現在的社會價值觀和人生價值觀普遍的認同是：以獲取財富的多少決定一個人社會地位或家庭地位，並以此作為衡量一個人是否成功的唯一標準。另外，國際社會對一個經濟發達國家與否，以國民(GNP)和國內(GDP)生產總值做為廣泛衡量總體經濟活動的指標，幾乎所有的經濟指標都和國民與國內生產毛額有相關性，是一項相當重要的經濟標準。人們普遍沒有信仰，缺少追求精神的層面，甘於庸庸碌碌。在這種社會風氣下，為了獲得財富而不擇手段成為時尚，甚至不惜突破良知與道德底線而淪為罪犯。一些追求高尚、清淨、健康的精神生活的宗教信仰反之被看成為另類一族，成為被人冷諷熱嘲的對象!

反觀，隨著當今科學、科技不斷蓬勃的闊展，不難觀察到，其實是科技引領了人類的價值觀，升為萬物之靈卻不斷依賴著科學的研究、科技的發展，認為這就是價值觀。然而，必須要問的是，這些所謂發展國家，他們的社會問題──槍枝的氾濫，人心的動盪、不安等等，遠超過所謂未開發國家。科技的日新月異自有促進社會發展的一面；然而必需更為深入體認到：這些過度耗費、使用不當所跟隨而來巨大的傷害又有誰能消除？

現今，另外一個重大課題就是圍繞著全球暖化的危機。聯合國不斷緊急召開相關的會議，以尋覓解決的方案及因應措施。我們必須要再一次提問：究竟這問題誰應該負責任? 報告指出：生活在地球上的人類都將受到影響，不過落後國家擁有較少資源，所受衝擊更大。換句話說，擔負起這項危機處理的使命，每個人都責無旁貸！從另外一個角度來談，已發展和發展中國家勢必要負起更大的責任──此二者可說身居決策者的地位。我們希望這些國家能對大自然界賦予更多的保護，認真地看待此一議題。

當然，佛法並沒有否定科學和科技的貢獻。佛法所提倡的價值觀是建設在自我的提升，而不要做物欲的奴隸，不必過於執著世間名利等；活著，不是為了財富的累積、權位的攀升，而應該更重視自我的心靈的淨化。學習佛法就是要去除貪、瞋、癡三毒，提升自己的人格品德，服務人群，奉獻社會，追求高尚的生活旨趣──正面、積極的人生意義也就在此。佛教並沒有所謂神秘的宗教色彩，其所能教導我們的是如何達到內心的淨化和提升，不流於外在物欲、名利的追逐。 佛法的教育是架構在以人類為本的佛法，《增壹阿含經》說﹕「諸佛皆出人間，終不在天上成佛也。」佛法的價值觀是表現在思想行為上。由正知正見引導出正行，能成就對自己、對社群、對國家乃至一切眾生都有意義的事情，才足以稱為真正的價值。從這種以智慧為導向，不再專以自我為中心，為我的家庭、我的故鄉、我的國家著想，而能從整體人類、一切眾生的立場考量任何一件事務。如印順導師所說：這在佛法，稱為緣法界眾生而發心。不但求自己得益，動機在使大家都得到利益。

總的說，由於人們所處的社會地位、生活環境和文化素養而有所不同，因而形成了不同的人生觀。但普遍來說，一般社會的價值觀建設在財富的多少或是在社會上的地位，並以此作為成功與否的唯一標準；追逐物質利益成為大部分人唯一的生活目標。然而，佛法的價值觀是：以智慧做為導向，自我心靈的淨化、提升；不當物欲的奴隸，去除貪、瞋、癡──根本於內心的三種毒素，提升自己的人格品味；願意將自己服務、奉獻於社會，追求高尚的生活──人生的意義也就在此。另外，如果說國際社會以一個國家經濟發達與否，以GNP（Gross National Product）及GDP（Gross Domestic Product）作為衡量的標準；那在佛法中，應該以GHP（Gross Happiness Product）及GMP（Gross Mindfulness Product）作為對先進國家的衡量標準──顯而易見的，普遍的社會觀與佛法的價值觀是有所差距的。佛法的價值觀是以追尋更為根本的快樂和價值，而不是一味地往外尋找那無法填滿、欲望的破杯子！

斯里蘭卡佛教見聞

人生當中，總是滿懷無數的願望和憧憬，也有說不盡、數不清的無奈與感慨。回首來時路，走過的足跡早已隨風而逝，從未想過為自己留下一絲一毫的回憶。想想，在這如彈指般短暫而瞬息萬變的生命之流中，究竟能記錄些什麼，又能留下些什麼？對人事上種種喜、怒、哀、樂的情感，每每深鎖在腦海密匣裡。再者，深知自非文思泉湧、妙筆生花之屬；也因如此，就不曾存有將之抒發於外的念頭。 這次因昔日學友「慈悲」的邀約，希望能將在斯里蘭卡留學期間所見聞的風俗民情與個人的心路歷程等，付諸筆墨，與同好分享。幾經思量，答應開啟那塵封已久的舊日思緒，把烙印在內心片斷的回憶，化為文字。或許這未能起任何鼓勵的作用，但至少是一片真心的流露。

斯里蘭卡（Sri Lanka）［以下簡稱為「蘭卡」］，位於印度洋與太平洋之間，風景秀麗，資產豐富，享有「印度洋上的珍珠」、「寶石之國」、「紅茶之國」之美譽。根據歷史記載，蘭卡是佛示寂後佛法最初傳入的地方，現今仍為南傳上座部佛教的主要根據地之一。佛教已有二千多年的歷史，直至今日，仍為蘭卡人民主要信仰的宗教。當然，一如世事變幻無常，教法的流傳，歷經千載，亦如波浪般地興衰起伏。西元前第三世紀至西元十一世紀之間，蘭卡的政治環境與社會生活安定，人民得以自由信奉佛教；但從十二世紀到十八世紀，因為國勢衰微，常受到外族侵略，國家的政權和經濟都遭受破壞，而人民的生活痛苦不安，同時也損害了佛教。直到1753年以後，幾近絕滅的佛教方始漸漸復興。

筆者目前暫居於一所禪修中心，座落於首都可倫坡第七區。當地有很多外國大使館，環境純淨而明媚，生活寧謐且安定。人民性情溫和，熱忱好客，溫文儒雅。蘭卡是農業國家，主要農作物為稻米、椰子、橡膠、及茶葉等。基於農業機械化程度尚未普及，牛是多數農民耕作的最佳伙伴，無論是在颳風下雨、酷暑嚴寒之時。也因如此，牛車牛群穿梭在大街小巷，乃司空見慣的情景。有趣的是，晚上在黑暗的道路上開車，經常會遇到成列的牛群行走於路中，這時，即使用方向燈照射或是猛按喇叭，牠們依然故我，如如不動，駕駛者往往無計可施，只得耐心地等待牠們自動離開。或許牛兒們知曉法令規定不得任意傷害牠們吧！再者，由於是農業社會的關係，形形色色的自然環境生態並未遭受大量的開闢、破壞──蘭卡實為風景優美的國家之一。

蘭卡是一個佛教國度，絕大多數人篤信佛教，佛塔和寺院比比皆是，處處可見。在人民的心目中，佛寺、佛塔、菩提樹是最神聖的地方，拜佛、禮塔和見僧時，都必須將鞋子脫掉；對於法師則需合掌跪下敬禮──即使身為總統也不例外。通過對菩提樹和佛塔的崇敬，使佛教溶入日常生活中，成為不可分割的一部分。其次，團體以出家眾為核心以及對戒律的尊重，至今仍然是此處佛教的特色。另外，在蘭卡，僧人可在政府、學校及其他社區部門任職；有些在國內外的大學中獲得博士學位，因而僧團中的著名學者或學問僧層出不窮。據聞，蘭卡佛教徒為了能夠復興的佛教，僧侶積極涉入政治，廣造輿論等，持續不斷地反對西方外來的宗教文化與殖民的侵略，因而有些便被冠上政治比丘或政治和尚之稱。

在這佛化的社會裏，僧俗間有著密切的互動。就在家信眾方面，將護持三寶、供奉僧團視為責無旁貸的義務與職守。蘭卡人口僅約二千萬，然寺廟大大小小則合計有五千多所。為使僧眾衣食無虞，每一寺廟所在地區，信眾都會自行安排、協調，每日輪流由一戶人家準備上好的飲食等獻供於僧團，誠心誠意，樂此不疲。附帶一提，蘭卡的僧侶有別於泰國、緬甸，無需出外托缽乞食，一切都由信眾送至寺院。

僧侶們平日也常接受住家招待午餐，叫做「檀那」（House Dana）。奉獻「檀那」的施主及其家族，均需身著白色的衣服。雖然施主具有一定的地位，但為了表示對僧寶的誠敬，必親手獻上椰汁、咖哩飯及其他的供養品，並不時對著法師們躬行禮，將心意表露無遺。目睹此一場景，深深激盪內心深處。此不禁讓人想起：修學佛法應如稻穗一般，越趨成熟之際，必然越往下垂，更顯謙卑，而決不是顯出趾高氣揚、不可一世之態。

佛寺多分布在城巿與鄉村間，構成佛教徒的宗教活動的中心。寺院通常有定期講經，舉辦周日佛學班，為信徒灌輸正信的佛教思想。而僧侶把在家信眾心靈的提昇當作義務和責任，為在家眾排憂解難、扶危濟困，使其精神怡悅。舉如為其婚喪嫁娶、生日慶典、店鋪開張等，盡心盡力地實行「法布施」。更確切地說，僧團承擔起社會的思想教育工作。或許過去曾誤解，認為南傳出家人對社會、眾生漠不關心，只求自度；但是從以上這種種看來，實有必要重新定位、修正了！

值得一提的是，蘭卡的僧人很善於「說法」，而且是極為普遍的──相對於所曾接觸的其餘國家都來的廣泛，幾乎每位法師都能勝任。由於比丘為在家居士說法的傳統在蘭卡是非常盛行，甚至不需特別加以培訓，沙彌們可透過觀摩其他年長比丘說法而學會其中技巧。有時在一天中即有數次的機會︰居士到寺廟供養齋食時；僧眾外出應供時；或在葬禮儀式上；或逢初一、十五與宗教節日；乃至周日佛學班，及其電視、電台的弘法節目等等。因此從受沙彌戒起，自然而然將對居士說法此一義務深植於意識之中。許多蘭卡比丘深信：「諸供養中，法供養最」，唯獨「法」才能真正地讓一切有情離苦得樂。

每月十五日這月圓之際，是蘭卡佛教的重大節日──Poya Day［意為齋戒日］。這一天是國定假日，且禁售酒肉，電影院等娛樂場所全都休業。舉國上下的佛教徒，闔家大小身穿素白色的套裝，到各各寺院聽經、禪修。

關於蘭卡佛教，還有一點值得說明：在許多地方存有佛教和印度教相混合的圖像。佛教徒在尊崇佛陀的同時，也崇拜印度教的各種神祇圖像。據說：為了來世，人們禮敬佛陀；為了眼前消災得福，則崇拜印度神祇。其他許多節日［如新年等］都與印度教及當地神教有所牽連，而將佛教與其餘神教混雜在一起加以紀念、慶祝。唯獨五月月圓日的Wesak節，才看不到佛教與印度教、神教混同；在蘭卡人民的心目中，五月月圓日已成為單純紀念佛陀的節日。這聯想到中國民間的信仰，也是佛、儒、道三教交互融合──諸如格義佛教；或是供奉佛陀的同時，也祭拜財神爺、土地公等的神祇。相較而言，只不過祭奉的對象不同而已。

在這人生地不熟的國度，能順利地安頓，真的要感謝當地長老法師們多方面的給予幫忙。對這一切殊勝的因緣，也讓人深切地感念三寶的加持力！離開自己熟悉的環境，遠赴這風景秀麗的寶島，接觸與過去的生活、文化、風俗完全不同的情境以及陌生的人、事、物。初到此地，確實有些不適應，猶如斷線的風箏，飄揚在那無垠的天空一樣。但回首反觀，卻也因為自己擁有太多太多而深感慚愧。感恩一切的因緣，但求調適自我身心以融入新的環境，而非寄望外界來順應個人──這是對自己的期許。或許未來需要面對更多的挑戰，然而，能有這些考驗都是必須感恩與珍惜的！正所謂「玉不琢不成器」，種種的考驗，必將成為未來人生中不可或缺的寶貴經驗！